Human papillomavirus: what it is, possible consequences, and fertility
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is currently the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI), affecting both men and women. Between 75% and 80% of sexually active people will contract it at some point in their lives.
There are over 100 types of human papillomavirus, more than 40 of which are easily transmitted through skin-to-skin contact or mucous membranes during sexual activity. Most people are exposed to the virus in their youth, soon after becoming sexually active.
Human Papillomavirus and Its Link to Cancer
Among the many types of human papillomavirus, at least 14 are considered high-risk, with types 16 and 18 responsible for 70% of cervical cancer cases.
Other types, like HPV 6 and 11, are considered low-risk and usually cause genital warts (also known as condylomas). These are small, usually painless growths and are not associated with cancer.
Here are some types of cancer that may be caused by HPV and their estimated connection to the virus:
100% of cervical cancers
92% of anal cancers
70% of vaginal cancers
40% of penile cancers
40% of vulvar cancers
However, having HPV does not mean you will develop cancer. In fact, 90% of infections disappear on their own within two years, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Only a small percentage become chronic and evolve into cancer.
Risk Factors for Chronic HPV Infections
In some cases, the infection persists and becomes a serious health issue. Risk factors for chronic HPV infection and progression to cancer include:
The specific type of HPV
The individual’s immune system response
Co-infections with other STIs
Young age at first childbirth and number of children
Tobacco use
Can Human Papillomavirus Be Prevented?
While condoms reduce the risk, they don’t fully prevent HPV transmission, since the virus spreads through skin contact.
The most effective prevention method is vaccination. Other ways include abstinence and monogamous relationships, but vaccination remains the most practical and reliable option.
The HPV Vaccine: What You Should Know
Currently, there are three HPV vaccines available. All protect against types 16 and 18, and two also protect against types 6 and 11 (which cause genital warts). Clinical trials confirm the safety and effectiveness of these vaccines.
The WHO recommends administering the vaccine before exposure to the virus, ideally between the ages of 9 and 14, to both girls and boys.
Since January 1, 2023, Andalusia offers free HPV vaccination to children aged 9 to 14, as part of its public health efforts to prevent cervical cancer and related conditions.
Conclusion
Human papillomavirus is widespread and often harmless, but in some cases, it can lead to serious health complications. Understanding how it’s transmitted and how to protect yourself—especially through early vaccination—is the best way to stay safe.